|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 33, No. 6,
75-100 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0094582X06294112
Exporting People and Recruiting Remittances
A Development Strategy for El Salvador?
Sarah Gammage
The State University of New Jersey
Migration is an emerging development strategy embraced by the state and elites in El Salvador. As primary export prices decline and nontraditional agricultural exports and assembly production fail to fulfill their promise of compensating for reduced export volumes and sales, exporting people has become an increasingly viable strategy for recruiting foreign exchange, reducing poverty, and injecting new capital into the financial sector. Yet the ability to capitalize on these resources is limited within the current neoliberal model. Migration can act as a safety valve, relieving pressure on the economy and sopping up excess labor, but it is unlikely that the flow of remittances can dynamize the economy and anchor long-term sustainable growth.
Key Words: Remittances • migration • dollarization • structural change • transit economy
References
- Abarca, Blanca 2004 "Los pequeños se volvieron gigantes."La Prensa Gráfica, February 1.
- Aizenman, Nurith 2006 "Money earned in U.S. pushes up prices in El Salvador."Washington Post, May 14.
- Andrade Eekhoff, K. and C. M. Silva Avalos 2003 Globalization of the Periphery: The Challenges of Transnational Migration for Local Development in Central America. San Salvador: FLACSO.
- Bailey, Adrian J., Richard A. Wright, Alison Mountz, and Ines M. Miyares 2002 "(Re)producing Salvadoran transnational geographies." Annals of the Association of American Geographers92: 125–144.[CrossRef]
- Barrera, José Alberto 2005 "En 2004 TACA ganó mercado."Diario de Hoy, April 7. http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2005/04/07/negocios/neg8.asp.
- BCR (Banco Central de Reserva) 1985 Revista trimestral, octubre-noviembre. San Salvador.
- BCR (Banco Central de Reserva) 2002 Revista trimestral, octubre-noviembre. San Salvador.
- BCR (Banco Central de Reserva) 2004 Revista trimestral,octubre-noviembre. San Salvador.
- BCR (Banco Central de Reserva) 2005 Revista trimestral,octubre-noviembre. San Salvador.
- Cabrera, Oscar 2005 "Competitividad de precios e inflación dual en El Salvador." MS, Departamento de Investigación Económica y Financiera, Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, San Salvador.
- Danby, Colin 1995 "Challenges and opportunities in El Salvador's financial sector." World Development23: 2133–2152.[CrossRef]
- Datt, Gaurav and Martin Ravallion 1994 "Transfer benefits from public works employment: evidence for rural India." Economic Journal104: 1346–1369.[CrossRef]
- Deere, Carmen Diana and Martin Diskin 1984 Rural Poverty in El Salvador: Dimensions, Trends, and Causes. International Labour Office, World Employment Programme Research Working Paper 10-6/WP64.
- DGACE (Dirección General de Atención a la Comunidad en el Exterior) 2002 Hacia un estrategia de integración y vinculación con las comunidades salvadoreños en el exterior para el siglo XXI. San Salvador: Dirección General de Atención a la Comunidad en el Exterior, República de El Salvador.
- Durand, Jorge, Emilio Parrado, and Douglas S. Massey 1996 "International migration and development in Mexican communities." Demography33: 249–264.[ISI][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Durham, William 1979 Scarcity and Survival in Central America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- EHPM (Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples) 2004 Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples. San Salvador: Dirección General de Estadística y Censo.
- Estache, Antonio 1995 Decentralizing Infrastructure: Advantages and Limitations. World Bank Discussion Paper 290.
- Estache, Antonio and Sarbajit Sinha 1995 "Does decentralisation increase public infrastructure expenditure?" in Antonio Estache (ed.),Decentralizing Infrastructure: Advantages and Limitations. World Bank Discussion Paper 290.
- Funkhouser, Edward 1997 "La migración internacional salvadoreña: un perfil," in Mario Lungo (ed.),Migración internacional y desarrollo, vol. 1. San Salvador: Fundación Nacional Para el Desarrollo.
- FUSADES (Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social) 1996 Encuesta desarrollo rural. San Salvador: Departamento de Estudios Económicos y Sociales.
- Gammage, Sarah 2003 "The financial cost of being green: macroeconomic policy, investment, and environmental degradation in El Salvador." Ph.D. diss., Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.
- Gammage, Sarah, Allison Paul, Melany Machado, and Manuel Benítez 2005 "Gender, migration, and transnational communities: a report to the Inter-American Foundation." http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/migrate1/.
- Gammage, Sarah and John Schmitt 2004 Los inmigrantes mexicanos, salvadoreños y dominicanos en el mercado laboral estadounidense: Las brechas de género en los años 1990 y 2000. Comisión Económica Para América Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL, Serie Estudios y Perspectivas, Unidad de Desarrollo Social.
- Giddy, Ian 2004 "Case study Grupo Taca: Aircraft financing." http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/igiddy/cases/taca-financing.htm
- Giralt, Ana 2001 "Flores cabildea en los EE.UU.: El Presidente de la República Francisco Flores se reunirá hoy con su homólogo de Estados Unidos: la prioridad del encuentro es lograr un consenso migratorio."Diario de Hoy, March 2.
- Goldring, Luin 2002 "The Mexican state and transmigrant organizations: negotiating the boundaries of membership and participation." Latin American Research Review37: 55–100.
- Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo 1998 "The rise of transnational social formations: Mexican and Dominican state responses to transnational migration." Political Power and Social Theory12: 45–94.
- IADB (Inter-American Development Bank) 2001 "Remittances as a development tool: a regional conference." Press release. Washington, DC.
- IADB (Inter-American Development Bank) 2002 "MIF approves $1.5 million grant to improve financial services and remittances in El Salvador." Press release. Washington, DC.
- IADB (Inter-American Development Bank) 2005 "Latin American and Caribbean central banks to strengthen statistics system on remittances: IDB's Multilateral Investment Fund approves grant to support project." Press release. Washington, DC.
- Iglesias, Enrique V. 2001 "Sending a lot of money home."International Herald Tribune, July 13.
- IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2005 "IMF executive board concludes 2004 Article IV Consultation with El Salvador." Public Information Notice 05/21, February 14. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2005/pn0521.htm.
- Jack, William 2000 Social Investment Funds: An Organizational Approach to Improved Development Assistance. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Lakshmi, Rama 2003 "India reaches out to emigrants: millions living abroad encouraged to invest in homeland."Washington Post, January 12.
- Lara López, Edgar 2005 "Formal and informal employment in El Salvador: a study of labor development," pp. 87–198 in Tony Avirgan, L. Josh Bivens, and Sarah Gammage (eds.),Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs: Labor Markets and Informal Work in Egypt, El Salvador, India, Russia, and South Africa, Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.
- Mahler, Sarah J. 1995 American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Orozco, Manuel 2000 Remittances and Markets: New Players and Practices. Washington DC: Inter-American Dialogue.
- Orozco, Manuel 2002 "Attracting remittances: market, money, and reduced costs." Report to the Multilateral Investment Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.
- PNUD (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo) 2003 Informe sobre desarrollo humano, El Salvador 2003: Desafíos y opciones en tiempos de globalización. San Salvador: Consejo Nacional para el Desarrollo Sostenible.
- PNUD (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo) 2005 Informe sobre desarrollo humano, El Salvador 2003: Una mirada al nuevo nosotros, el impacto de las migraciones. San Salvador: Consejo Nacional para el Desarrollo Sostenible.
- Pomfret, John 2006 "An increasingly deadly trail: tighter border has illegal immigrants risking more perilous routes."Washington Post, June 6.
- Portes, Alejandro, Luís Eduardo Guarnizo, and Patricia Landolt 1999 "The study of transnationalism: pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field." Ethnic and Racial Studies 22: 217–223.[CrossRef]
- Repak, Terry 1995 Waiting on Washington: Central American Workers in the Nation's Capital. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Santamaría, Ixchel 2004 "Remesas rompen récord en noviembre."La Prensa Gráfica, December 16.
- Schmitt, John and William Stanley 2001 "Finance-led development, or Why people are leaving El Salvador." Paper presented to the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC, September.
- Segovia, Alexander 2002 Transformación estructural y reforma económica en El Salvador. Guatemala City: F and G Editores.
- Sengupta, Somini 1998 "India taps into its diaspora."New York Times, August 19.
- Sheridan, Mary Beth 2004 "Salvadoran leader embraces diaspora."Washington Post, October 9.
- SIGET (Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones) 2004 Boletín estadístico año 2004. San Salvador.
- Smith, Robert 1997 "Reflection on migration, the state, and the construction, durability, and newness of transnational life." Sozialen Welt12: 197–212.
- Stanley, William 1987 "Economic migrants or refugees from violence? A time series analysis of Salvadoran migrants to the United States." Latin American Research Review22: 132–154.
- Wood, Elizabeth 2003 Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- World Bank 1996 El Salvador: Meeting the Challenge of Globalization. Washington, DC.
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati What's this?
|
